分类： rewstsdr

　On April 25th, Economic Information Daily published an article written by reporter Wang Zixu, "The number of PCT international patent applications in China ranks first for three consecutive years". According to the article, the reporter learned from the press conference of the State Council Office held on April 24 that the number of international patent applications for China’s Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) ranked first in the world for three consecutive years, indicating that China is changing from a big country that introduces intellectual property rights to a big country that creates intellectual property rights.

Shen Changyu, director of China National Intellectual Property Administration, said that in recent years, China’s intellectual property cause has made new historical achievements, and the intellectual property cultural environment of "respecting knowledge, advocating innovation, abiding by the law and fair competition" has been accelerated, which has strongly supported the realization of the goal of building an innovative country and building a well-off society in an all-round way.

The quality of intellectual property creation continued to improve. China National Intellectual Property Administration data show that in the past five years, China has granted a total of 2.531 million invention patents, with an average annual increase of 13.4%; A total of 27.705 million registered trademarks were registered, with an average annual increase of 29.0%. The registration of copyright, new plant varieties and integrated circuit layout design has also reached record highs. By the end of 2021, the number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 population in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) reached 7.5, nearly twice that of the end of 2017. The number of PCT international patent applications ranks first in the world. The import and export volume of intellectual property royalties increased from 226.51 billion yuan in 2017 to 378.30 billion yuan, of which the average annual growth rate of exports reached 23.8%, 2.03 times that of imports.

The benefits of the use of intellectual property rights have also accelerated. According to Shen Changyu, relevant statistics and reports show that in 2020, the added value of patent-intensive industries will reach 12.13 trillion yuan, accounting for 11.97% of the gross domestic product (GDP), which has become an important support for high-quality economic development. The added value of copyright industry reached 7.51 trillion yuan, accounting for 7.39% of GDP. Among the 5,000 leading brands in the world, China accounts for 408, with a total value of $1.6 trillion.

At the same time, the development achievements of China’s intellectual property cause have been highly praised by the international community. China’s ranking in the Global Innovation Index Report released by the World Intellectual Property Organization rose from 22nd in 2017 to 12th in 2021, up by 10 places, ranking first among middle-income economies and one of the fastest-growing countries in the world.

"Especially in a number of sub-indicators, PCT international patent applications ranked first in the world for three consecutive years, and the proportion of intellectual property income in total trade continued to increase. The number of science and technology clusters that entered the top 100 in the world jumped to the second place in the world, indicating that China is changing from a big country that introduced intellectual property rights to a big country that created intellectual property rights." Shen Changyu said.

"WIPO believes that the global innovation center is moving eastward to Asia. Among them, China’s innovation performance is particularly prominent and has become an important pole in the global innovation map. " Liu Hua, director of the China Office of the World Intellectual Property Organization, recently said at the 2022 China Intellectual Property Protection Forum. She said that WIPO economists believe that the rise of China’s innovation economy is not only the rise of one or two indicators, but also reflected in all aspects of the innovation ecosystem. (End)

Today, official website, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of China, announced the epidemic situation of novel coronavirus infection in China.

National Covid-19 infection

Report of severe cases and deaths

From December 1 to December 31, 2023, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps reported 88 new cases of severe illness and 11 deaths (including 2 cases of respiratory failure caused by Covid-19 infection and 9 cases of death caused by Covid-19 infection).

Report on new cases of severe infection and death in Covid-19.

Diagnosis and treatment of fever clinics (consulting rooms) in China

From December 1 to December 31, 2023, the number of fever clinics (consultation rooms) in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps fluctuated between 230,000 and 360,000. The fluctuation decreased from 348,000 on December 5, and began to increase after it fell to the lowest of 230,000 on December 16. It reached the highest of 360,000 on December 28, and then decreased slightly, and fell to 315,000 on December 31.

The Changing Trend of the Number of Fever Outpatients (Consultation Rooms) in China

Monitoring situation of sentinel hospital

From December 1 to December 31, 2023, the proportion of influenza-like cases in outpatient (emergency) clinics in sentinel hospitals nationwide decreased from 8.6% in the 49th week (December 4-December 10) to 8.2% in the 51st week (December 18-December 24), and in the 52nd week (December 25-December)

Trend of influenza-like cases reported by sentinel hospitals in China

The positive rate of Covid-19 in influenza-like cases fluctuated at a low level, with 1.0% for three consecutive weeks from the 49th week to the 51st week and 0.8% for the 52nd week.

Changing trend of COVID-19 and influenza virus positive rate of influenza-like cases in sentinel hospitals in China

Monitoring of virus variation in local cases

From December 1 to December 31, 2023, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps submitted a total of 3,779 genome effective sequences of local cases of Covid-19, all of which were Omicron variants, covering 72 evolutionary branches. The main epidemic strains were XBB series variants, and the top three were XBB.1.9 and its branches, XBB.1.16 and its branches and XBB respectively.

According to the sampling date, the proportion of XBB and its sub-branches remained high, and the proportion of JN.1 showed an upward trend.

Variation trend of local cases infected in novel coronavirus in China

Source: official website, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Recently, the player community discovered that several games owned by Blizzard had started the VVIP membership service, and the view that Blizzard was about to return to China was quickly fermented.

However, at present, the official of Weibo has given a reply. In 2024, Weibo launched a new support policy for the accounts that "reach a certain amount of iron powder" in the non-enterprise blue V, and the accounts that meet the requirements will be automatically given a one-month VVIP in the near future. Therefore, the VVIP of multiple Blizzard game accounts is actually given by the system automatically, rather than being opened for operation. Netease and Blizzard China officials have not yet made a public response to matters related to the return of the national service.

　　The unaudited financial report for the second quarter ended June 30, 2023 was released tonight. The financial report shows that the revenue reached 34.1 billion yuan, with an estimated 33.29 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 15%; Attributable(non-GAAP) was 8 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 44%.

　　Phone call after the release of earnings reportAt the meeting, BaiduIt is said that there will be more investment in large-scale model training, and it is expected that a new version will be released in ERNIE Bot at the end of the year.

　　▍ Increase investment in large language models. It is expected that a new version will be released by the end of the year.

　　The financial report pointed out that Baidu search is testing the new functions of "extreme satisfaction", "AI partner" and "AI BOT" which combine the big model. Baidu Library also announced the internal testing of "AI Document Assistant" in May, and Baidu marketing AIGC business creative platform "Qingrudder" has been opened to Baidu marketing customers.

　　Regarding the progress of the big model in the vertical industry, Li Yanhong said at the performance conference call that he is currently cooperating with the head hospital to provide AI assistants to assist doctors in clinical judgment, help patients find suitable departments and doctors, and provide online pre-diagnosis services. But he also pointed out that the application of the big model in the medical industry is still in its early stage.

　　"The model of a specific industry should be based on a strong basic model, otherwise it has no foundation. With the passage of time, the rapid development of basic models will provide stronger support for industry-specific models. There are only a few companies that can do basic models. " Li Yanhong said that Baidu will build a new engine around generative AI and big language model to promote long-term growth.

　　Li Yanhong revealed that,It is expected that a new version will be released in ERNIE Bot by the end of this year. In the transition period before the launch of the new version, Baidu will promote the use of the current version and explore applications and scenarios in different industries..

　　Regarding the future investment strategy, Luo Rong, chief financial officer of Baidu, said,Will continue to be strongInvesting in AI will increase investment in big language models and generative AI in the next few quarters.

　　▍ Smart driving business is affected by the decline in profits of the automobile industry.

　　From the perspective of segmentation, Baidu’s core online marketing revenue was 19.6 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 15%;Revenue was 7.8 billion yuan, up 17% year-on-year.

　　Regarding the recovery of online marketing revenue, Baidu executives said:The recovery momentum of industries such as medical care, business services, travel and local services is more obvious.The number of medical search queries has increased well year-on-year, and offline industries have also contributed a lot to online marketing revenue. In addition, advertisements distributed through short videos have achieved double-digit growth.

　　Baidu executives said that the advertising system is being rebuilt through generative AI, which helps advertisements to achieve better and accurate positioning and reach the people they want to reach.

　　In terms of intelligent driving business, in the second quarter, Radish Run provided 714,000 rides, a year-on-year increase of 149%. By June 30, 2023, Radish Run had provided 3.3 million rides to the public.

　　In June this year, Radish Run was awarded the first batch of unmanned commercial pilot notices by Pingshan District, Shenzhen. At present, Radish Run has been approved to provide unmanned self-driving travel services to the public in Wuhan, Chongqing, Beijing and Shenzhen. In July this year, Radish Kuaipao obtained the first batch of licenses issued by Pudong New Area in Shanghai, allowing all unmanned autopilot tests to be carried out on open roads.

　　Li Yanhong said, "In the past year, Baidu has been improving the unmanned taxi service in Wuhan. Today, the fleet size of Wuhan has expanded from the initial 5 vehicles to more than 200 vehicles. The focus of the follow-up is to continue to expand the fleet size, so that more cities and more users can use services in a wider range. The goal next year is to enter more cities. "

　　However, the current smart driving orders are still affected by the decline in profits of the automobile industry. “Although the automobile factory is very interested in intelligent driving, due to the decline in the profit of the automobile industry, the automobile factory has more cost control measures, which may affect the intelligent driving scheme in the short term.. "Baidu executives pointed out.

Data witness the economic highlights in the first quarter

CCTV News:The State Council Press Office held a press conference on April 16th, and the relevant person in charge of the National Bureau of Statistics introduced that in the first quarter of 2024, the national economy got off to a good start, and positive factors accumulated, which laid a good foundation for achieving the objectives and tasks for the whole year.

According to preliminary accounting, in the first quarter of 2024, the GDP was 296.299 billion yuan, with a year-on-year increase of 5.3% at constant prices. In the first quarter, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size increased by 6.1% year-on-year, and that of high-tech manufacturing increased by 7.5%, 2.6 percentage points faster than that in the fourth quarter of last year. In the first quarter, the total retail sales of social consumer goods was 12,032.7 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 4.7%. Retail sales of services increased by 10.0% year-on-year.

Sheng Laiyun, deputy director of the National Bureau of Statistics, said that the GDP in the first quarter increased by 5.3% year-on-year, which is both realistic and well supported. So what are the main economic factors behind the 5.3% figure? What impact will laying a good foundation in the first quarter have on the economic situation throughout the year?

The economic growth rate of 5.3% is both realistic and supportive.

Sheng Laiyun, deputy director of the National Bureau of Statistics, said that a year-on-year GDP growth of 5.3% was realistic. From the perspective of accounting, it is mainly driven by the recovery of industry and the improvement of service industry. In the first quarter, the industrial added value increased by 6.1% year-on-year, which was significantly higher than the same period of last year and the fourth quarter. According to preliminary calculations, the contribution rate to GDP growth was 37.3%, which boosted GDP growth by nearly two points.

From the service industry, the service industry maintained a good development trend in the first quarter, contributing 55.7% to economic growth. The contribution of industry and service industry to GDP growth exceeds 90%. At the same time, GDP growth of 5.3% year-on-year is still supported.

Investment in fixed assets increased by 4.5% year-on-year in the first quarter, with a real increase of 5.9%. The retail sales of goods and services increased by 4.7% together, and exports increased by 5%. The three major demand indicators are matched with the growth of GDP.

The service industry is growing well and the modern service industry is growing rapidly.

As mentioned earlier, Sheng Laiyun, deputy director of the National Bureau of Statistics, said that GDP increased by 5.3% year-on-year. From the accounting point of view, it was mainly driven by the recovery of industry and the improvement of service industry. Let’s look at a few numbers:

From the service industry, the service industry is growing well, and the modern service industry is growing rapidly. In the first quarter, the added value of service industry increased by 5.0% year-on-year. Information transmission, software and information technology services, leasing and business services, transportation, accommodation and catering industries grew rapidly. In the first quarter, service consumption grew rapidly, and service retail sales increased by 10.0% year-on-year. Residents’ service consumption expenditure accounted for 43.3%, an increase of 1.6 percentage points over the same period last year.

The contribution rate of consumption to economic growth reached 73.7% in the first quarter.

Consumption is the "main engine" that drives economic growth. In addition to the rapid growth of service consumption, China market sales continued to recover. In the first quarter, the contribution rate of consumption to economic growth reached 73.7%, which played an important supporting role in the economic recovery.

In the first quarter, physical consumption was generally stable. The total retail sales of social consumer goods increased by 4.7% year-on-year in the first quarter, and the total retail sales of social consumer goods exceeded 12 trillion yuan. In addition, online consumption continues to be strong. In the first quarter, the online retail sales of physical goods increased by 11.6% year-on-year. Driven by some new technologies, the new online sales model was constantly innovated and the sales record was constantly refreshed.

Since the beginning of this year, the upgrading consumption of Chinese residents has continued to improve. From the retail point of view, the year-on-year growth rate of sales of sports and entertainment products and communication equipment exceeded double digits; From the perspective of residents, the expenditure on transportation and communication, education, culture and entertainment are also double-digit growth.

"China in Spring" has unlimited opportunities.

The 135th Canton Fair: Exploiting the Broad International Market with New Productivity

The 135th Canton Fair entered the second day on April 16th. This year’s Canton Fair showcased advanced manufacturing achievements, with over 1 million new products on site, over 250,000 products with independent intellectual property rights, and over 90,000 intelligent products such as intelligent bionic hand with brain-computer interface and artificial intelligence translator.

Among the exhibitors in this Canton Fair, there are more than 5,500 state-level high-tech enterprises, individual champions in manufacturing industry and "little giant" enterprises specializing in special innovation, an increase of 20% over the previous session. Many exhibitors bring new products, new technologies and new processes to open up a broader international market with new quality productivity.

Highlights of the 4th Consumer Expo continuously stimulate consumption potential.

The 4th China International Consumer Goods Expo, which is being held in Haikou, Hainan, entered its fourth day on April 16th. As the largest consumer boutique exhibition in the Asia-Pacific region, "the first show of new products" has always been the focus of great concern.

The reporter learned in the "First Show Zone" of the 4th Consumer Expo that as an important activity of this consumer Expo, the "Global New Product Plan" was held here. Since the 13th, a total of 38 brands have brought 115 new products here. Consumer Expo is the largest consumer boutique exhibition in the Asia-Pacific region, and many brands will choose it as the starting place for their new products.

The "first show area" has the following characteristics: the first feature is that the release activities are very intensive. Each brand has only half an hour, and overtime will affect the next brand, because there is no time interval between the two release activities. The second feature is that the categories are very rich, including electric smart cars representing new industries and new trends, as well as beauty jewelry, fashion toys, national handicrafts and so on, which are closely related to our lives. In addition, the organizer also set up a special exhibition area here, where all the released new products will meet with you. Therefore, in the Expo, if you want to see the most new products in the shortest time, it is right to come to this "first show area".

Of course, what appeared in the "Global New Product Plan" is only a part of all the new products released by the Consumer Expo. In each exhibition hall and booth of each participating delegation, everyone can see new products with their own characteristics and sincerity, and the number exceeds 1000. The organizers also set up special supply-demand matchmaking meetings, consumer carnivals, theme forums and other activities, the number of which exceeded 300. This will enable the Consumer Expo to better serve exhibitors and buyers, promote consumption growth and upgrading, and thus play its important role as a "global consumer boutique display and trading platform".

World internet conference Digital Silk Road Development Forum held in Xi ‘an.

World internet conference Digital Silk Road Development Forum was held in Xi ‘an today (April 16th), with the theme of "Interconnection and Common Prosperity", attracting guests from nearly 50 countries and regions. The forum focused on three topics: "Building Silk Road by Digital Interconnection", "International Cooperation of Silk Road E-commerce" and "Digital Village and Sustainable Development".

Science and technology help high-quality development

Covering nine laboratories and assembling hundreds of equipments, Dream set sail for the scientific dream.

According to the China Geological Survey of the Ministry of Natural Resources, China’s first self-developed ultra-deep-water ocean drilling ship "Dream" has entered the stage of debugging and internal installation, and it is expected to be fully completed this year.

In the Pearl River Estuary, Nansha District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, the "Dream" ocean drilling ship is debugging its equipment and installing its built-in laboratory. With a total tonnage of 33,000 tons and a full crew of 180, Dream can work continuously at sea for 120 days with a cruising range of 15,000 nautical miles. At the same time, 1.2 million meters of cable was laid on the ship, which fully covered the information technology and realized the intelligent cooperation between the ship and the shore, so that the "Dream" not only has the ability of unlimited navigation in the global sea area, but also is the only scientific research drilling ship in the world with the drilling capacity of 11,000 meters. In the future, it will mainly undertake major national science and technology projects and international ocean scientific drilling tasks.

Zhou Chang, head of the Dream Command of China Geological Survey of the Ministry of Natural Resources, said that the Dream ocean drilling ship is called the Mobile Laboratory of Marine Science, and the data needed in various marine fields should be analyzed through it. Where does this data analysis come from? They collected the core with a drilling rig and sent it to the ship’s laboratory. Scientists analyzed the data together in the command hall and reached a scientific conclusion.

The ship-borne laboratory of Dream covers a total area of over 3,000 square meters, covering nine laboratories including basic geology, microbiology and marine science, and is equipped with more than 150 sets of various precision experimental instruments. At present, the installation of 12 systems including water, electricity, gas and wind has been completed, and the experimental instruments will be installed soon. According to the plan, the "Dream" ocean drilling ship will complete the trial verification in the second half of this year and be delivered before the end of the year.

New members have been added to the "national name" weapon! China’s 100-ton ultra-large thrust electric vibration test system has been successfully developed.

Vibration test system can simulate the operating environment of rockets, satellites, airplanes and other equipment, so as to test the reliability of equipment structure and performance. It is an essential supporting device for the development of aerospace, transportation and other industries. On April 15th, China Machinery Industry Federation held an appraisal meeting of scientific and technological achievements, announcing the successful development of a 100-ton ultra-large thrust electric vibration test system independently developed by China.

At present, the equipment that is maintaining high-frequency vibration is conducting vibration tests on an aircraft engine weighing nearly 3 tons. Before this, no equipment can complete the whole machine vibration test of this weight class.

Not only the aircraft engine, but also this equipment has completed the vibration test of the satellite with a total weight of over 15 tons. With the development of China’s manned space flight, lunar exploration project, large-scale transport project and other aerospace technologies, the quality and size of aerospace equipment are increasing, and the structure is becoming increasingly complex. In order to meet the mechanical environment test requirements of these major components and even the whole machine, in 2021, a 100-ton ultra-large thrust electric vibration test system was developed in Suzhou. The research team has solved many problems including system heat dissipation and cooling under high power output conditions. On April 15th this year, after the evaluation and acceptance by the expert committee organized by China Machinery Industry Federation, the system passed the third-party measurement of China Metrology Institute, marking the success of the research and development of the ultra-large thrust electric vibration test system with independent intellectual property rights in China. At present, the system has been used in China’s aerospace field, and product testing has been completed many times.

　　● From 1996 to 2015, the pharmaceutical industry in China experienced more than 30 overall forced price reductions in the past 20 years. Since then, the state has made efforts from all aspects of drug production, circulation and sales, and frequently introduced relevant policies to reduce drug prices.

　　China’s pharmaceutical market is divided into policy market and non-policy market. The former mainly includes public hospitals, and drugs are purchased by the government through unified bidding, which is greatly affected by the policy of reducing drug prices; The latter mainly includes pharmacies, clinics and private hospitals. Drug circulation is market-oriented and enterprises can set their own prices.

　　● The approval documents for the production of some APIs were monopolized by some enterprises, which led to the skyrocketing price of APIs. To solve this problem fundamentally, we should not only intensify the crackdown on the monopoly of APIs, but also improve the related approval system of APIs.

　　□ Our reporter Wen Lijuan

　　The retail price of a box of papaverine needles soared from 45 yuan to 399 yuan, a box of vitamin K1 needles rose from 99 yuan to 259 yuan, a box of tramadol tablets rose from 13.15 yuan to 30.3 yuan, a box of adrenaline needles rose from 29.1 yuan to 60.15 yuan, and a bottle of shark liver alcohol tablets rose from 33.75 yuan to 68.25 yuan … …

　　Recently, the "Legal Daily" reporter learned exclusively from a hospital in Hunan Province that many commonly used drugs for rescue, hemostasis and leukocytosis have increased their prices several times or even dozens of times since last year. At the same time, the prices of many commonly used drugs in the retail of pharmacies in the market have also risen sharply.

　　In recent years, China has successively introduced a series of measures such as canceling drug addition and "4+7" quantity procurement to promote drug price reduction. However, in the context of these measures, why do some commonly used drugs still have price increases or even supply cuts? What other aspects should we do to really let the people eat cheap drugs and rest assured drugs? The reporter conducted an investigation into this.

　　The purchase price of drugs has risen sharply.

　　The market price is climbing all the way.

　　Because of the rising drug price, Wang Yu (pseudonym), a native of Hunan Province, recently frequently asked people to buy cefixime from other places — — Her 4-year-old child often has respiratory infections, and this medicine has become a regular medicine at home. In the pharmacies near her home, the retail price of cefixime is around 15 yuan, while other city and county pharmacies only need three or four yuan.

　　Years of experience in buying medicines for children, and working in a hospital, Wang Yu found that the price increase of some commonly used drugs in clinic in recent two years was outrageous.

　　She gave the reporter a list of price increases: protamine, dexmedetomidine hydrochloride, cedilanid, allopurinol, dobutamine injection, calcium gluconate injection, rifampicin and some gout drugs. From last year to this year, there have been different price increases.

　　Take a box of dobutamine needles as an example. From August 2018 to December 2018, the retail price was 97.55 yuan; In January 2019, the retail price rose to 266 yuan; In April 2019, it rose to 460 yuan again.

　　Behind the rising retail price of drugs, the purchase price is also rising: since last year, the purchase price of a box of vitamin K1 needles has risen from 99 yuan to 259 yuan, a box of tramadol tablets has risen from 13.15 yuan to 25 yuan, a box of adrenaline needles has risen from 24 yuan to 51 yuan, and a bottle of shark liver alcohol tablets has risen from 28 yuan to 58 yuan.

　　In addition to the price increase of some commonly used drugs in clinic, there are also many categories of commonly used drugs in pharmacy retail.

　　"Baking soda tablets for treating hyperacidity, the price of 100 tablets in the first two years was only one or two dollars. These days, I was already in 11 yuan when I bought it again. " In this regard, Zhang Li (pseudonym), a practitioner in the pharmaceutical industry, feels incredible.

　　The reporter inquired about the drug price of 315.com and found that at present, the lowest price of baking soda tablets in 20 pharmacies in China is a bottle from 9.9 yuan, and the highest price is 17.8 yuan.

　　Li Hao (pseudonym), who is engaged in drug sales in Beijing, also has many feelings. Because the child’s body resistance is weak, he often goes to the drugstore to buy Icoxin (vitamin AD drops). However, in the second half of last year, this medicine was suddenly out of stock, and after the supply resumed in April this year, it actually rose by nearly 20 yuan. "In the past, a box cost more than 20 yuan, but now it costs 39.8 yuan." Li Hao said.

　　In addition to the price increase, what makes Li Hao feel helpless is that "it is often not available".

　　The reporter’s investigation found that, in fact, the drug out-of-stock mode mentioned by Li Hao is actually a common tactic used by many pharmaceutical companies to raise prices.

　　"If they want to raise prices, they usually announce that they are out of stock first, and then resume supply at intervals, so that they can raise prices." In the interview, the person in charge of a pharmacy named Chen in Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province told the reporter, "If they raise prices, I can only follow them, because everyone is rising."

　　According to the person in charge, since 2014, some drugs have experienced abnormal price increases. In the past year, more and more commonly used drugs have increased their prices, and they have become more and more crazy. "This year, nitroglycerin is the most prominent. The prices of nitroglycerin tablets (0.5 mg *100 tablets) and injections (10 ml) have risen from 4 yuan and 20 yuan last year to 55 yuan and 110 yuan respectively."

　　From May 24 to 26, the reporter visited nearly 20 pharmacies in Chaoyang District and Haidian District, and found that vitamin B complex rose from 1.5 yuan to 10 yuan, with an increase of 600%. Yan Teling rose from 3 yuan in 2015 to 9 yuan at the end of 2018, with an increase of 200%; Pain-relieving tablets rose from 2.5 yuan to 9 yuan, with an increase of 260%. Compared with the previous two years, the prices of chlorpheniramine, roxithromycin, Jiangya No.0, norfloxacin capsules, nasal drops, etc. all increased in different degrees.

　　In addition, Angong Niuhuang Pills, Chuanbei Pipa Syrup, Yunnan Baiyao Aerosol, Sangju Yinqiao Powder, Compound Berberine Tablets, Qingfei Huatan Pills, 999 Ganmaoling, Sanjiu Weitai, Huanglian Shangqing Tablets and other Chinese patent medicines also have price increases. However, the prices of some Chinese patent medicines have declined slightly in the near future.

　　Price reduction policies are frequently introduced.

　　Some drug prices have risen instead of falling.

　　What puzzles many patients is that on the one hand, the national policy of reducing drug prices is constantly introduced, on the other hand, the prices of many commonly used drugs are rising.

　　The reporter found out that in 1996, the State Planning Commission (later renamed as the National Development and Reform Commission) promulgated the Interim Measures for the Administration of Drug Prices, and regained the pricing power of drugs. By 2015, the National Development and Reform Commission, the State Health Planning Commission, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and other seven departments jointly issued the Opinions on Promoting Drug Price Reform, stipulating that the original drug prices set by the government should be cancelled except narcotic drugs and psychotropic drugs of the first category. In the past 20 years, the pharmaceutical industry in China has experienced more than 30 times as a whole.

　　Since then, the state has made efforts from all aspects of drug production, circulation and sales, and frequently introduced relevant policies to reduce drug prices. In 2018 alone, a number of policies were introduced: in April, drugs that passed the consistency evaluation of generic drugs were required to be included in the procurement catalogue in time; In August, it was required to increase doctors’ medical treatment fees and medical service fees and reduce drug prices; At the end of 2018, the "4+7" quantity procurement was implemented, and the average price of 25 drugs that successfully entered the tender was reduced by 52%, with the highest drop of 96%.

　　Since various measures to reduce drug prices have been implemented one after another, why are some commonly used drugs still increasing in price or even cutting off supply?

　　Shi Lichen, founder of Beijing Dingchen Management Consulting Co., Ltd., a medical consulting organization, explained to reporters that China’s pharmaceutical market is divided into policy market and non-policy market. The former mainly includes public hospitals, and drugs are purchased by the government through unified bidding, which is greatly affected by the policy of reducing drug prices; The latter mainly includes pharmacies, clinics and private hospitals. Drug circulation is market-oriented and enterprises can set their own prices.

　　"The reasons for the price increase of some commonly used drugs need to be specifically analyzed from these two markets." Shi Lichen said: in the policy market, even if purchasing in quantity, there are still three factors affecting the process of reducing drug prices in the field of drug bidding. First, after the government bidding, it is difficult for some hospitals to guarantee the purchase quantity with pharmaceutical companies; Second, it is difficult to get the payment back in time, which affects the operation of pharmaceutical companies; Third, some local authorities are easy to "kick the ball", which makes it difficult for pharmaceutical companies to complain when they encounter the first two problems.

　　In the non-policy market, Shi Lichen believes that most of the time, the policy of reducing drug prices is difficult to produce obvious price-oriented effect, and eventually the prices of some commonly used drugs in this market rise due to comprehensive factors. Among them, the price increase of upstream APIs is an important reason.

　　Game between parties behind price increase

　　Raw materials are artificially monopolized.

　　The so-called raw material medicine is the effective component of medicine. After adding some auxiliary materials to the raw material medicine, it becomes the medicine bought by patients.

　　In Shi Lichen’s view, if the increase of APIs exceeds five times, it may be caused by artificial monopoly. "Monopoly is mostly due to problems in the circulation of APIs."

　　Shi Lichen’s judgment was verified by a person in charge of a pharmaceutical company in Anhui Province.

　　The head of this pharmaceutical company has been deeply involved in the field of pharmaceutical circulation for many years, and he knows the ropes well. He also bought out drugs from large pharmaceutical companies on behalf of the company.

　　He told reporters that many times, API merchants will collude with monopoly, hoard and sell to pharmaceutical factories at high prices. Even if API manufacturers are punished by the government for monopoly, they can’t fundamentally curb their monopoly behavior, because most of the raw materials are in the hands of a few raw material manufacturers. "The government’s crackdown has curbed their behavior of driving up drug prices, but it can’t control the number of their shipments. If a pharmaceutical factory needs 10 kilograms of raw materials, the raw material supplier deliberately supplies only 1 kilogram to it, resulting in a serious shortage of production in the pharmaceutical factory, and the finished drugs on the market will be scarce. "

　　In another case, a third-party commercial company signed a sales agreement with an API company to buy out all the raw materials and then sell them to several preparation factories, and the API company could not participate in the pricing. This behavior is called "underwriting" or "controlling sales" in the industry. Once it is "controlled", other pharmaceutical factories can’t buy raw materials, or they can only buy them at high prices, resulting in drug supply interruption or rising costs.

　　Wu Huifang, general manager of Beijing Dongfang Bite Technology Co., Ltd., once said in an interview with Caijing magazine that some API companies are willing to cooperate with underwriting companies in consideration of profits. For example, if the annual demand for a certain raw material medicine is 100 kilograms, the underwriting company will give an order of 80 kilograms to a raw material pharmaceutical factory, and all the raw materials of this factory will be sold to it, which can guarantee the profit, that is, the fixed sales and fixed production. Whether an API will be controlled or not depends on the output. Subject to the financial strength of the underwriting company, underwriting mainly occurs in small varieties of APIs. The raw materials that are underwritten are rare, with an annual output of hundreds of tons, generally below 50 tons or 60 tons, or even 10 tons or 20 tons, and few manufacturers can produce them normally.

　　The monopoly of API production will seriously restrict the preparation market. According to the sampling survey results of the corresponding proportion of APIs to preparation manufacturers, one API enterprise corresponds to 169 preparation enterprises at most.

　　According to Li Qing, deputy director of the Price Supervision Bureau of the National Development and Reform Commission, among the 1,500 chemical APIs in China, only one enterprise can produce 50 APIs, only two enterprises can produce 44 APIs and only three APIs can produce 40 APIs.

　　"Once the price of APIs rises or the supply is cut off, it will affect the production of downstream enterprises, resulting in a substantial increase in the production cost of drugs, which will be reflected in the price increase when it is transmitted to consumer terminals." Li Yong, an associate professor of the shortage drug research group of China Pharmaceutical University, told reporters.

　　In addition to the artificial monopoly leading to the increase in the price of APIs, the tightening of environmental protection policies and the normalization of drug quality and management control supervision are also the reasons.

　　The production of APIs belongs to manufacturing industry, and the upstream is chemical products, which will pollute water and air. The environmental protection control of such products is getting tighter. In order to meet the requirements of environmental protection, many pharmaceutical companies have invested in transformation, and some pharmaceutical companies are facing the situation of closure or merger.

　　The reporter inquired about the annual report of drug supervision statistics released by National Medical Products Administration in 2018 and 2015, and found that as of the end of November 2018, there were 4,441 manufacturers of raw materials and preparations nationwide; As of the end of November 2015, this figure was 5065.

　　The annual report explained that during the license renewal period of production enterprises, some enterprises did not pass GMP (good manufacturing practice) certification and temporarily did not have the conditions to renew their licenses. The direct consequence of the decrease in the number of pharmaceutical factories is that the fierce competition in the drug market has decreased, which has pushed up the price of drugs.

　　In addition, the new version of GSP (Good Quality Management Practice for Pharmaceutical Trading) requires strict verification of pharmaceutical production processes and strengthened supervision, which has increased the ticket-passing cost of commercial companies. "As an upstream manufacturer, we can only guarantee the interests of all links and ensure the smooth flow of product channels through a certain price increase." The relevant person in charge of a pharmaceutical factory in Hunan Province told the reporter.

　　Solve the skyrocketing drug prices

　　Urgent need to improve the examination and approval system

　　On April 3rd, Li Keqiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China emphasized at the the State Council executive meeting that it is normal for drug prices to fluctuate within a reasonable range, but if there is a sharp price increase, we must attach great importance to it. Especially for the commonly used first-aid drugs and rescue drugs that are urgently needed in clinic, once the supply is not guaranteed, it will threaten people’s lives and health, and patients’ lives will never be allowed to be traded. This kind of incipient problem must be resolutely curbed.

　　Tracing back to the source, in order to curb the price increase of some commonly used drugs, the monopoly of APIs can not be ignored. People in the industry interviewed by reporters generally believe that the transformation of APIs from approval system to filing system is imminent.

　　Zhang Buyong, general manager of Minenet, a medical data service platform, believes that this is actually the fact that the production approval documents of some APIs are monopolized by some enterprises, which leads to the skyrocketing price of APIs. To solve this problem fundamentally, we should not only intensify the crackdown on the monopoly of APIs, but also improve the related approval system of APIs.

　　Shi Lichen also told reporters that at the moment when the monopoly of raw materials is more serious, the system of filing raw materials, approval of raw materials and pharmaceutical excipients is particularly important.

　　"First, let go of the API filing system; Second, intensify efforts to crack down on monopoly. By comparing the purchase invoices at different stages, it is clear at a glance whether there is monopoly; Third, it is also beneficial for pharmaceutical companies to implement product pilots and turn the regional drug market into a national market. " Shi Lichen said, "Once these three points are implemented, the drug prices in the non-policy market will come down."

　　Li Yong also suggested that from a legal perspective, the focus should be on strengthening law enforcement, especially on the investigation and punishment of artificial monopoly of pharmaceutical raw materials, so as to eliminate the driving force for the abnormal rise of drugs from the source; In addition, relax the access threshold for the supply of pharmaceutical raw materials and introduce market competition mechanism; Reduce the intermediate circulation links from pharmaceutical raw materials to consumer terminals and reduce unnecessary costs; At the same time, establish an effective mechanism for the storage, monitoring, early warning and emergency response of commonly used drugs.

　　Cartography/Gao Yue　　

　　CCTV News:The Yanbian Railway Public Security Department of Shenyang Railway Public Security Bureau recently smashed a den where fake documents were forged and sold. This criminal gang has played a crooked role in some special documents.

　　Jin Linquan, deputy director of the police station of Hunchun Station of Yanbian Railway Public Security Bureau: "He took the military disability certificate and went to the No.3 window of the ticket office to buy tickets. During the ticket purchase, some passengers found that the military disability certificate had no magnetic stripe and could not be brushed out."

　　The details of the sick sentences and documents have attracted attention.

　　This scene took place at Hunchun Station in Jilin Province on November 5, 2018. The disabled soldiers ticket holder surnamed Han, a deaf-mute person, explained to the police in sign language that the failure to brush out personal information was caused by degaussing the magnetic stripe. However, a detail of the certificate caught the attention of the police. The description of the cause of his deafness in the column of "disability" in the certificate can be described as a series of sick sentences.

　　Wei Jian, police officer of Hunchun station police station of Yanbian Railway Public Security Department: "In 1992, I rushed to Sichuan for rescue work, and my house collapsed unexpectedly, causing brain damage and deafness. I was injured in the line of duty, and I was approved to retire. I was assessed as eight-level disability by the doctor."

　　Subsequently, the railway police verified with the issuing department indicated on the certificate and confirmed that Han was holding a fake certificate. After the police entered Han’s identity information into the railway ticketing system, they found that he had successfully purchased half-price tickets many times before, and the time and place of issuing tickets were mostly concentrated in some large railway stations during Spring Festival travel rush. Subsequently, Han was punished by the public security organs for five days of administrative detention.

　　Where does the false certificate come from? Follow the line.

　　So where did the fake documents held by Han come from? According to Han, it was bought at the price of 600 yuan money by a self-proclaimed "Dragon Master" in a chat group of deaf people two years ago. Following this clue, Yanbian Railway Police set up a task force. After more than ten days of investigation, the identity of "Master Long" was initially confirmed. The man surnamed Wang lived in Wuhan, Hubei Province, and he was responsible for soliciting "business" and selling it. The producer of the false certificate is Du Mou who lives in Wuliangdian Town, Heishan County, Liaoning Province.

　　In order to show the whole process of online ticket purchase with high simulation.

　　With the in-depth investigation of the case, the police found that this is a criminal chain that links with each other through the network, forges, alters and buys and sells official documents of state organs. In order to increase the credibility of the use of fake certificates, criminal suspects often expose the whole process of their successful purchase of train tickets and air tickets at half price on the Internet.

　　In the video, Wang came to the ticket window with a fake disabled military certificate, and showed his certificate to the ticket seller. The ticket seller put the certificate on the verification machine for inspection, and successfully issued the ticket after reading the magnetic stripe information. After the ticket was issued, Wang was still very proud. He gave a thumbs-up to the camera. After demonstrating the process of purchasing tickets, he also showed the camera a number of half-price tickets he successfully purchased, and said that the newly made fake documents had also been delivered.

　　These videos were sent by Wang to several deaf-mute chat groups where he was located to attract buyers. Once a buyer buys it, Du Mou in Liaoning will be responsible for the production. Unlike the high-profile Wang, Du is cautious and very cunning. Before the police rushed to Heishan County to arrest him, he had suspended the business of making false certificates, but during the investigation, the police had fully grasped the criminal evidence of Wang and Du. On December 27, 2018, the police handling cases in Hubei and Liaoning also carried out arrests.

　　A large number of semi-finished documents were seized, and there were many kinds of forgeries.

　　In Du Mou’s copy shop, the police found a large number of semi-finished documents made by him, including disabled soldiers card, disabled card, military officer card, ID card, passport and so on. According to Du Mou, he met Wang, who is also a deaf-mute in the chat group more than two years ago. The two discussed it, and Du Mou made the certificate and Wang was responsible for the promotion. In the past two years, fake certificates from their hands have been sold all over the country.

　　At present, Du Mou and Wang Mou have been under criminal detention. Through express clues, the police have recovered some fake documents sent to various places, and the rest are being further recovered.

If the use temperature is too high

A wok or chopsticks used by consumers.

Non-edible substances may precipitate.

There are security risks

March 24

Shanghai market supervision bureau

Public information display

Yijia (China) Investment Co., Ltd.

14,260 woks are being recalled

And 98,403 sets of chopsticks

1. From October 2018 to September 2022, a total of 14,260 FRUKTKAKA-printed woks with model number 30427237 were produced.

2. From January, 2022 to July, 2022, there were 98,403 sets of KUNGSTIGER Kuntiger chopsticks with model number 00525814.

Reason for recall

The label identification item of FRUKTKAKA printing wok does not meet the requirements of GB 4806.1-2016 "National Food Safety Standard General Safety Standard for Food Contact Materials and Products", and the coating material of wok contains "polytetrafluoroethylene", and the unmarked coating "the service temperature shall not be higher than 250 C" (it may exceed 250 C if it is burned in air for a long time or heated until the oil boils); It may lead to misuse by consumers, damage the coating under the condition of long-term empty burning or heating until the oil boils, increase the probability of some substances in the coating moving out, and have the risk of polluting food and causing harm to consumers’ health.

The labeling project of KUNGSTIGER 4 pairs of chopsticks does not meet the requirements of GB 4806.1-2016 "National Food Safety Standard General Safety Standard for Food Contact Materials and Products", the chopsticks material contains "polyphenylene sulfide", and the unmarked product "the service temperature shall not be higher than 121 C"; It may lead to misuse by consumers. When the temperature is too high, the material state of polyphenylene sulfide may change, polluting food and causing harm to consumers’ health.

Recall measures

Consumers immediately stop using it. IKEA provides consumers with the information about the highest temperature of products. Consumers can download the warning information of the highest temperature in official website, or contact IKEA to get the warning information by express delivery. IKEA (China) Investment Co., Ltd. will publicly and widely release the product recall information, including the official website of IKEA, in-store communication in various IKEA stores, and at the same time, IKEA member customers who have purchased the product (who need to use IKEA membership card in the past five years and keep their contact information correct and effective) will receive short messages about the recall.

Product details

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↓↓↓

IKEA recalls 2419 fishing toys.

There have been many product recalls before.

On March 22nd, IKEA also announced the recall of 2,419 toys. According to the recall announcement, IKEA (China) Investment Co., Ltd. recalled the "BLAVINGAD Blovanger Fishing Game" toys produced from October 2022 to March 2023 from March 21, 2023, involving 2,419 pieces.

Judging from the reasons for the recall, the rivets on wooden parts may be loose and fall off, and if the loose rivets are swallowed by mistake, there is a potential risk of breathing difficulties.

The recall measure taken by IKEA (China) Investment Co., Ltd. is that consumers immediately stop using the product, and said that they will provide customers with a full refund, and will publicly and widely release the product recall information, including the official website of IKEA and in-store communication in various IKEA stores. At the same time, IKEA member customers who bought the product (who have used IKEA membership cards in the past five years and kept their contact information correct and effective) will receive short messages about the recall.

Tianyuecha App shows that IKEA (China) Investment Co., Ltd. has recalled products many times before, involving coffee pots, chests of drawers, dining tables, bowls, plates and cups. In addition, many affiliated companies of IKEA have been fined for product problems. Among them, in February this year, IKEA Trading (China) Co., Ltd. and IKEA E-Commerce (China) Co., Ltd. were fined 400,000 yuan and 160,000 yuan respectively for selling unqualified Mkdorn quilts and children’s reading and writing lamps.

Little friends check themselves quickly.

See if there are any related items in your home.

And don’t forget to forward it.

Share it with friends in need.

Original title: "Stop immediately! Emergency recall! Many people have it at home! 》

Read the original text

　　According to the website of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, recently, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the General Administration of Customs jointly issued the Measures for the Administration of Alien Invasive Species (hereinafter referred to as the Measures). The reporter interviewed the relevant person in charge of the Department of Science, Technology and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on relevant issues.

　　Q: Please tell us about the background of the promulgation of the Measures.

　　A:The prevention and control of alien species invasion is related to national food security, biological security and ecological security. In recent years, with the increasingly frequent commodity trade and personnel exchanges in China, the diffusion routes of alien invasive species are more diversified and concealed. Most invasive species can find suitable living environment in China. Once colonized, it is difficult to eradicate them completely, which seriously affects the ecological environment of the invasive areas and damages the sustainable development and biodiversity of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. The Biosafety Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), which was promulgated on October 17th, 2020 and came into effect on April 15th, 2021, clearly stipulates that "the state shall strengthen the prevention and response to the invasion of alien species and protect biodiversity. The competent department of agriculture and rural areas in the State Council shall, jointly with other relevant departments in the State Council, formulate a list of alien invasive species and management measures ". In order to effectively strengthen the management of alien invasive species, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, together with the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the General Administration of Customs, systematically sorted out the relevant legislation at home and abroad, conducted in-depth expert discussions and field research, and widely listened to the opinions of relevant departments, industry experts and the public. On this basis, the Measures were studied and formulated.

　　Q: What is the overall consideration of the Measures for strengthening the whole chain management of alien invasive species and improving the responsibility mechanism?

　　answerAlien invasive species refer to alien species that have been introduced and colonized and brought threats or harms to ecosystems, habitats and species, and affected the ecological environment in China, damaging the sustainable development and biodiversity of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. The general consideration of strengthening the management of alien invasive species is to adhere to risk prevention, source control, comprehensive management, coordination and public participation, highlight key areas and key links, establish and improve management systems, strengthen joint prevention and control, group prevention and group treatment, and comprehensively improve the management level of alien invasive species.The first is to strengthen the supervision of the whole chain.The "Measures" stipulate the prevention, monitoring and early warning, treatment and restoration of alien invasive species, further strengthen the prevention and control of alien invasive species from all aspects, and build a full chain prevention and control system.The second is to clarify the division of responsibilities.The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs shall, jointly with relevant departments, establish an inter-ministerial coordination mechanism for the prevention and control of alien invasive species, and the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the prevention and control of alien invasive species in their respective administrative areas according to law, and the relevant departments of the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall carry out prevention and control work according to the division of responsibilities.The third is to guide public participation.Strengthen publicity, education and popularization of science, encourage and guide the public to participate in prevention and control work according to law, and no unit or individual may introduce, release or discard alien species without approval.

　　Q: What are the specific requirements for source prevention in the Measures?

　　A: "The Measures put forward clear requirements for strengthening source prevention mainly from three aspects.The first is to standardize the introduction management.Where exotic species such as crops, forest and grass seeds and seedlings, and aquatic products are introduced from abroad due to special needs such as variety cultivation, import approval and quarantine approval shall be handled according to the examination and approval authority. If it is introduced for the first time, the importing unit shall conduct risk analysis and submit a risk assessment report to the examination and approval department.The second is to strengthen port prevention and control.The customs shall strengthen port prevention and control, crack down on illegal activities such as illegal introduction, carrying, delivery and smuggling of alien species, and dispose of the discovered alien invasive species according to law.The third is to strengthen domestic quarantine.The competent departments of agriculture, rural areas, forestry and grassland at or above the county level shall strengthen the quarantine supervision over the trans-regional transportation of crops, forest and grass seeds and seedlings, plant products, aquatic seedlings, etc., so as to prevent the spread of alien invasive species.

　　Q: How does the Measures stipulate the monitoring and early warning of alien invasive species?

　　answerIn order to strengthen the monitoring and early warning of alien invasive species and grasp the status of alien invasive species in time, the Measures mainly make three provisions.The first is to carry out investigation and monitoring.Establish a general survey and monitoring system for alien invasive species, organize a national survey every ten years, build a national monitoring network for alien invasive species, and carry out regular monitoring.The second is to issue early warning and forecast.The competent departments of agriculture, rural areas, forestry and grassland at or above the provincial level and the customs shall strengthen the sharing of monitoring information, analyze and judge the occurrence and spread trend of alien invasive species, issue early warning and forecast in time, and guide the prevention and control.The third is to standardize information release.The overall situation of alien invasive species in China is uniformly released by the relevant departments of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The occurrence of alien invasive species in related fields shall be released by the relevant departments of the State Council according to their duties and powers. Provincial agricultural and rural authorities, in consultation with relevant departments, uniformly release the situation of alien invasive species in their respective administrative areas.

　　Q: What are the clear provisions of the Measures on the implementation of governance restoration?

　　A:In order to vigorously promote the management and restoration of alien invasive species, the Measures stipulate that the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and National Forestry and Grassland Administration should study and formulate strategies and measures for the prevention and control of alien invasive species according to their division of responsibilities, and all localities should formulate prevention and control plans and implement prevention and control measures in light of actual conditions.Control of alien invasive plants,According to the actual situation, measures such as manual uprooting, mechanical uprooting, spraying green chemicals and releasing natural enemies can be taken in the key growth periods such as seedling stage, flowering stage or fruiting stage.Control of alien invasive pests and diseases,Measures such as selecting pest-resistant varieties, pre-treating seedlings, physical removal, chemical elimination and biological control should be taken to effectively prevent the spread of pests and diseases.Control of alien invasive aquatic animals,Measures such as targeted fishing should be taken to prevent its further spread.Besides,The "Measures" require that measures such as planting native plants and releasing local species should be taken according to local conditions to restore the ecosystem in the area where alien invasive species occur.

　　Q: The Measures will be implemented on August 1, 2022. How to implement them in the next step?

　　answerThe Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, together with relevant departments, will earnestly publicize and implement the Measures and strengthen the management of alien invasive species. Focus on three aspects of work.First, do a good job in publicizing and interpreting the Measures.Take a combination of online and offline, organize training for managers at all levels, do a good job in interpreting the provisions of the Measures, and improve the ability of supervision and management according to law. Production and distribution of popular science propaganda materials, to enhance public awareness of prevention and control.The second is to promote the general survey of alien invasive species.In farmland, fishing waters, forests, grasslands, wetlands, major ports of entry and other areas, speed up the implementation of the general survey of alien invasive species, and find out the species, quantity, distribution range and harm degree of alien invasive species in China.The third is to strengthen the management of alien invasive species.Formulate prevention and control guidelines by classification and species, clarify the key periods, key areas and main measures for prevention and control, strengthen policy support and technical guidance for governance, and take comprehensive measures to effectively control alien invasive species.